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新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson31

　　【课文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　听录音，然后回答以下问题。

　　What do you have to be able to do to appreciate sculpture?

　　Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in three dimension. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal distances. But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further. Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.

　　This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like, he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air.

　　And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird. And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone. From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.

　　HENRY MOORE The Sculptor Speaks from The Listener

　　【New words and expressions 生词和短语】

　　auditory adj. 听觉的

　　colour-blind adj. 色盲的

　　perception n. 知觉

　　comprehend v. 理解

　　spatial adj. 空间

　　visualize v. 使具形象，设想

　　reminiscence n. 回忆，联想

　　tadpole n. 蝌蚪

　　mushroom n. 蘑菇

　　carrot n. 胡萝卜

　　bud n. 花蕾

　　lark n. 云雀

　　ladybird n. 瓢虫

　　bulrush n. 芦苇

　　【课文注释】

　　1.respond to 响应， 对 … 起反应

　　例句：He resolved to respond to the call of the Party.

　　他决心响应党的号召。

　　The patient did not respond to treatment.

　　病人经治疗后未见起色。

　　2.form-blind, 这是作者仿照colour-blind生造的一个词，意指“形盲”。

　　3.distinguish vt. 区别， 辨认， 使显著

　　例句：Speeches distinguish human beings from animals.

　　人类和动物的区别在于人会说话。

　　She distinguished herself by her coolness and bravery.

　　她因头脑冷静、敢作敢为而为人称道。

　　【词义辨析】

　　discern, discriminate, distinguish这些动词均有“区别、辨别”之意。

　　discern: 语义较笼统，着重精深与准确的观察力，不一定有能力辨别关系密切的各项事物。

　　discriminate: 语气强，指从十分相似的事物中辨出差异，尤其把好坏区分开来。

　　distinguish: 普通用词，指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需的技巧。

　　4.two-dimensional 二维的

　　5.comprehend vt. 充分理解， 领悟， 包括

　　例句：I cannot comprehend this phrase.

　　我无法理解这个片语。

　　If you can use a word correctly and effectively you comprehend it.

　　你如果可以正确有效地使用一个词，你就是了解它了。

　　【词义辨析】

　　know, learn, comprehend, understand这些动词都含“懂、知道、明了”之意。

　　know: 普通用词，多指通过学习、经验或他人传播而得到知识，含直接知道的意味。

　　learn: 通常指通过他人而获得消息或情况，侧重从不知到知的变化过程。

　　comprehend: 侧重熟悉了解的过程。

　　understand: 指对事物已有彻底的认识，不仅知其性质、含义和细节，而且了解其内外的关系。

　　understand, comprehend, appreciate, apprehend, grasp这些动词均有“理解”之意。

　　understand: 一般用词，很常用，指对事实或意义知道得很清楚。

　　comprehend: 较正式用词，指对较复杂的事物能透彻理解其意义。

　　appreciate: 欣赏，指对某事物或意义有正确的认识，对其价值的肯定。

　　apprehend: 指知道某事物或某观念的大概意义，但未能理解其内涵意义，暗含一知半解意味。

　　grasp: 从本义抓紧、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。

　　6.in its full spatial existence 存在于空间的整个(形体)。

　　spatial adj. 空间的

　　例句：Fluctuations are spatial and temporal in character.

　　这种波动的特点是空间性和瞬时性的。

　　7.strive to 争取， 追求

　　例句：Let us strive, I beseech you,--let us strive to be cheerful.

　　让我们奋斗吧，我求求你——让我们用奋斗去寻找快乐吧。

　　8.as it were 可以说是

　　例句：He is my best friend, my brother, as it were.

　　他是我最好的朋友，可以说是我的兄弟。

　　He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.

　　他可说是个活字典。

　　9.whatever its size, 这是一个省略了may be的让步状语从句。

　　10.visualize v. 使 … 看得见，形象化，设想

　　例句： I remember meeting him but I just can't visualize him.

　　我记得我见过他，可就是想不起他的样子了。

　　11.from all round itself 从它的各个角度构想。

　　12.identify vt. 鉴定， 识别， 认明

　　例句：Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?

　　你能在这些伞中认出你自己的伞吗?

　　One can not identify happiness with wealth.

　　幸福和财富不能混为一谈。

　　【词义辨析】

　　identify, recognize, make out这些动词均含“认出、识别”之意。

　　identify: 指辨别、确定人的身份或物品的归属等。

　　recognize: 指所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。

　　make out: 通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。

　　【错句举例与错句分析】

　　错句：The police identified Mary.

　　订正：The police identified her as Mary.

　　翻译：警察认出她是玛丽。

　　分析：identify指“识别，鉴别”时，与介词as连用。

　　13.centre of gravity 重心

　　14.reminiscence n. 回想，回忆，记忆力

　　例句：He has a pleasant reminiscence of his college life.

　　他对大学生活有着幸福的回忆。

　　15.apart from 缺少，除……以外，且不说

　　例句：It's a good piece of work, apart from a few slight faults.

　　除了一些小缺点之外，这不失为一件漂亮的工作。

　　【参考译文】

　　对雕塑的鉴赏力取决于对立体的反应能力。雕塑被说成是所有艺术中最难的艺术，可能就是这个道理。欣赏雕塑品当然比欣赏平面的艺术品要难。“形盲”的人数比“色盲”的人数要多得多。正在学看东西的儿童起初只会分辨二维形态，不会判断距离和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和实际需要，儿童必须发展(部分通过触觉)粗略判断三维空间距离的能力。但是。大部分人在满足了实际需要后，就不再继续发展这种能力了。虽然他们对平面形式的感觉能达到相当准确的程度，但他们没有在智力和感情上进一步努力去理解存在于空间的整个形态。

　　而雕塑家就必须做到这一点。他必须勤于想像并且利用形体在空间中的完整性。可以说，当他想像一个物体时，不管其大小如何，他脑子里得到的是一个立体的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一样。他的大脑能从物体周围的各个角度勾画出其复杂的形象，他看物体的一边时，便知道另一边是个什么样子。他把自身和物体重心、质量、重量融为一体。他能意识到物体的体积，那就是它的形状在空气中所占的空间。

　　因此，敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会把形体作为形体来感觉，不要靠描述和印象去想象。以鸟蛋为例。观赏者必须感觉到它是一个单一的实体形态，而完全不靠它的食用意义或它会变成鸟这样的文字概念来感觉。对于其他实体，如，贝壳、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、肾脏、胡萝卜、树干、鸟儿、花蕾、云雀、瓢虫、芦苇以及骨头也应这样来感觉。从这些形体出发，观赏者可进一步观察更为复杂的形体或若干形体的组合。